Services and Modeling for Embedded Software Development
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Howto: Using DejaGnu for Testing

A Simple Introduction

Jeremy Bennett

Embecosm

Application Note 8. Issue 1

April 2010


Table of Contents

1. Introduction
1.1. Target Audience
1.2. Further information
1.3. About Embecosm Application Notes
2. Overview of DejaGnu
2.1. The runtest command
2.2. The expect language
2.3. A typical test framework directory structure
2.4. DejaGnu configuration files
3. Writing tests using expect
3.1. Test results
3.2. The expect command
3.2.1. Patterns for use with the expect command
3.3. An example test
3.3.1. Automating testing
4. Using DejaGnu standalone
5. Using DejaGnu with autoconf, automake and libtool
5.1. The configure.ac file
5.2. Makefile.am files
5.3. Fine tuning autoconf and automake with DejaGnu
5.3.1. Example: Short test names.
Glossary
References

Chapter 1.  Introduction

DejaGnu is a testing framework, originally developed for the GNU project. This application note was written in response to the author's frustration at setting up a DejaGnu test framework for the first time, using the existing documentation [3].

DejaGnu can be used standalone, but it is most useful when integrated with the GNU autotools (autoconf automake and libtool). This application note describes both modes of use.

This application note is deliberately incomplete. It only covers the most commonly used features and options. The intention is that, having got an initial test suite up and running, the user will be confident in reading the full DejaGnu documentation (see Section 1.2).

1.1.  Target Audience

Setting up DejaGnu for the first time is a challenge. This application note is intended for software engineers putting together their first test suite using DejaGnu.

1.2.  Further information

The main source of information is the DejaGnu user guide by Rob Savoye [3]. The most useful section is the Unit Testing API, which lists all the procedures which can be used when writing tests.

DejaGnu is implemented as the runtest command. It is documented in its own manual page (man runtest). However the manual page is incomplete, and additional options to this command may be identified by using runtest ‑‑help.

Tests are written in an extension to the Tool Command Language (TCL), known as expect. TCL is extensively documented on its website (see www.tcl.tk/doc). Of particular value is the TCL tutorial on that site [1].

Expect has its own manual page (man expect), which provides a "succinct" description of the main language commands. Comprehensive documentation may be found in the book Exploring Expect by Don Libes [2].

1.3.  About Embecosm Application Notes

Embecosm publishes a series of free and open source application notes, designed to help working engineers with practical problems.

Feedback is always welcome, which should be sent to .

Chapter 2.  Overview of DejaGnu

DejaGnu is designed to run on POSIX compliant systems and is compliant with the POSIX 1003.3 standard for test frameworks. It comprises a command to run tests (runtest), a language in which to write tests (expect), a standard directory structure for the tests and a set of configuration files.

[Note]Note

DejaGnu is not installed by default on most Linux systems. However most systems provide it as a standard extra. If not, it can be downloaded from www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu.

2.1.  The runtest command

Central to DejaGnu is the runtest command. It takes the general form:

runtest [options] [test]
	

The most important options when getting started are as follows.

--tool toolname

The naming of this option is confusing. It is the name of the group of tests being carried out. This might be the name of a tool (for example or1ksim), but it might equally be an indicator of a type of test (for example unit).

The toolname is important, because it is used to construct the names of other entities: the directories where tests may be found and the name of a tool specific configuration file.

--srcdir dir

This specifies a path where directories of tests may be found. A directory containing tool specific configuration files (lib) is also found in this directory.

The actual names of the directories containing tests must be prefixed by the name of the tool, and by convention end with the suffix .tests.

Thus for the tool or1ksim, the tests might appear in directories named or1ksim.tests or or1ksim-profiling.tests.

--outdir dir

This specifies a directory where all the output logs will be placed.

--target_board board

This is one of the hidden options, only shown with runtest ‑‑help. It specifies board(s) on which the tests should be run. This also controls which board specific configuration file(s) will be used (see Section 2.4).

If no test is specified, runtest will run all the tests it can find, which match the specified toolname. Otherwise it will run only the test specified.

[Note]Note

Options may also be set in configuration files (see Section 2.4). Where an option is set both on the command line and in a configuration file, the command line will take precedence.

[Caution]Caution

There are a number of options which are not documented in the manual. You can see all of the options by running runtest --help

2.2.  The expect language

Strictly speaking, expect is a tool, rather than a language. However it is easiest to regard it as a language which extends TCL. Before writing code using expect you should be fully familiar with TCL [1].

Expect scripts spawn test programs, to which they supply input and check that the response is as expected. A full description of how to write tests is given in Chapter 3 below.

2.3.  A typical test framework directory structure

DejaGnu has some basic expectations of where it will find files, although this can be overridden with command line options to runtest.

By convention, the test framework lives within a directory testsuite. Within that directory are the following sub-directories:

config

An optional directory containing expect configuration files for each of the different types of target board that might be tested (see Section 2.4). The use of this directory depends on it being set up as part of the configuration.

These have the general name board.exp. For example unix.exp for the default Unix target.

lib

A directory containing expect configuration files for each of the tools being tested (see Section 2.4).

These files are named toolname.exp, where toolname is the tool being tested.

Test directories

Directories named toolname[type].tests contain expect tests for the tool toolname. The optional type field allows the tests to be split into several directories.

For example a compiler tool named xcc might have tests both of the compiler (in one directory, xcc-compile.tests) and the resulting code (in a second directory, xcc-execute.tests).

Strictly speaking the suffix .tests is not required, but it is a common convention.

Within each test directory, the tests, written in expect, all have the file suffix .exp.

2.4.  DejaGnu configuration files

Configuration files are used to set global variables and to define helper functions.

DejaGnu has a number of global variables which are set to correspond to runtest command line arguments. However they can alternatively be set in the various configuration files (if both are used, the command line takes precedence). The DejaGnu guide [3] documents them in full, but some of the most useful are shown in in Table 2.1.

runtest expect Description
--all all_flag

Display all test results if set (default is only to display failures).

--srcdir srcdir

The directory containing test sub-directories and the tool specific configuration directory, lib.

--tool tool

The name of the tool being tested.

--verbose verbosity

The degree of verbosity required. Default is 0. Value of the variable is incremented for each time it appears on the command line.

Table 2.1.  runtest options and corresponding expect variables.


DejaGnu has a plethora of configuration files, each of which contain expect script that is processed before each test. The historical naming of some of these files can be confusing.

Although these configuration files are all optional, runtest may complain if it can't find them. So it's worth setting them up, just to stop the messages.

The configuration files are read in the following sequence.

Personal config file

This is in the user's home directory, ~/.dejagnurc. In general it is only used to set variables that control personal taste in output.

Local config file

This is always named site.exp and is looked for in the directory where the tests are being run. In general it is used to set variables specific to the tool or tools being tested.

If GNU autotools (autoconf, automake and libtool) are being used to drive DejaGnu this file will be created automatically whenever make is run. It will be placed in the main test suite directory, but within the build directory hierarchy, not the source directory hierarchy. It is this directory from which runtest will be executed.

When GNU autotools generate site.exp, the file is created in two halves, separated by a comment line. Only the first part is regenerated every time make is run, so changes may safely be made in the second half.

This is a convenient place for quickly testing changes. However the local config file in an autotools environment is inherently transient (it is in the build directory, not the source directory), so permanent changes should be placed in one of the other config files.

Global config file

This is intended as a file to allow a group testing the same product to share common settings. It is identified by the DEJAGNU environment variable, which should always be set to avoid warnings.

Board config file

This is used for settings specific to a particular target board, as specified by the --target_board option to runtest (see Section 2.1). If no target board is specified, then DejaGnu running on a POSIX system will typically decide the target is Unix and look for a file named unix.exp.

The search path for board configuration files is in the global variable boards_dir, which by default includes /usr/share/dejagnu/baseboards and /usr/share/dejagnu/config.

It is common to append additional directories to this search path in one of the earlier configuration directories (typically the global config file) to provide additional board specific information. This can be done by using the TCL lappend function. For example, to look in the config sub-directory of the main test directory for board specific settings, the following would be suitable in the global configuration file.

lappend boards_dir "$srcdir/boards"
	      
[Note]Note

If multiple board configuration files are found in the different directories, they will all be used in the order they are found.

Tool config file

Finally DejaGnu will load code from a tool specific configuration file. This will be found in the lib sub-directory of the main test directory. For a tool named toolname, the file will be lib/toolname.exp.

This is the place to put helper functions for use by test code.

[Note]Note

When running runtest, multiple test programs may be found in the test directory or directories. These are effectively concatenated, so they are run one after the other after running all the configurations.

The important thing to remember is that this means the configuration files are only read once, not once for each test.

Chapter 3.  Writing tests using expect

Each DejaGnu test is a sequence of expect commands. These are standard TCL commands with some additions, which make the language particularly suitable for testing. man expect documents all the commands specific to expect. The most useful of these are:

expect

This is the most important of the commands. It takes a series of pairs of patterns and actions and waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a spawned process (see spawn below), or a specified time period has passed or an end of file has been seen. When a pattern matches, its corresponding body is executed.

This command has a considerable number of options, and is described in detail in a separate section (see Section 3.2).

send

This command is used to send data to the standard input of a spawned process (see spawn below).

send_error, send_log, send_user

These commands are used to send output to respectively the standard error of the user, the log file and the standard output of the user. In other words for data that is not to go to the spawned process.

spawn
spawn [opts] program args
	    

spawn starts a program and its arguments in a child process, connecting its stdin, stdout and stderr so they may be written and read by other expect commands, most notably the expect command.

[Note]Note

There is the potential for confusion here, since expect is both the name of the language and a command within that language.

Expect defines and uses a number of TCL global variables. The most important are associated with the expect command and documented in the section on that command (see Section 3.2).

On top of this DejaGnu defines a number of procedures which facilitate testing. These are documented in the DejaGnu manual's section on Unit Testing [3]. The most useful are:

fail, pass, xfail, xpass, untested, unresolved, unsupported

These procedures all report the result of a test. They are described in more detail below (see Section 3.1.

warning

Writes a message to the log, prepended by the string WARNING. Once more than warning_threshold warnings have been given the test is assumed to be unresolved. The next call to one of the result procedures will behave as though unresolved had been called.

The value of warning_threshold (default 3) may be read and written with get_warning_threshold and set_warning_threshold.

perror

Writes a message to the log, prepended by the string ERROR. The next call to one of the result procedures will behave as though unresolved had been called.

3.1.  Test results

The results from all the tests encountered by runtest are reported in the log file and counted, for reporting on completion. The results are triggered by calling the appropriate result procedure, which takes a string to identify the test concerned. The possible results are as follows:

FAIL

Indicates that a test has failed. Triggered by calling the fail procedure.

PASS

Indicates that a test has passed. Triggered by calling the pass procedure.

XFAIL

Indicates that a test has failed as expected. Triggered by calling the xfail procedure.

[Note]Note

POSIX 1003.3 does not recognize the concept of expected failure (tests either fail or pass), so compliant tests should not generate this result.

XPASS

Indicates that a test which was expected to fail has passed. Triggered by calling the xpass procedure.

[Note]Note

POSIX 1003.3 does not recognize the concept of expected failure (tests either fail or pass), so compliant tests should not generate this result.

UNTESTED

Indicates that a feature was not tested. Triggered by calling the untested procedure. This is a good way to mark tests that need to be completed.

UNRESOLVED

Indicates that the output from a test needs manual inspection. Triggered by calling the unresolved procedure. Commonly used when tests timeout.

[Note]Note

Any test which calls perror or calls warning more than warning_threshold times will cause the next call to any result function in this list to behave as though unresolved was called.

UNSUPPORTED

Indicates that a test is not supported. Triggered by calling the unsupported procedure. Used for tests which depend on some conditionally available feature. For example for tests which cannot run on a particular target board.

3.2.  The expect command

The general form of this command is

expect -flags pat1 body1 ... -flags patn bodyn
	

The command waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a spawned process, a specified time period has passed, or an end-of-file is seen. It then executes the corresponding body.

If (as is usual) the command takes more than one line, the arguments must be surrounded by braces. However substitutions will still occur within these braces, unlike standard TCL

A very simple example might be as follows.

expect {
    ERROR            {fail "Error encountered.\n"; }
    "Test complete"  {pass "Test completed.\n";}
    timeout          {unresolved "Timeout.\n";}
}
	

The expect command returns a result, which is the result of the body executed on a pattern match.

The expect command will be called each time there is new input. It is important to understand two aspects of expect command behavior.

  1. The expect command will skip past any unmatched text. So the above example would pass if the spawned program generated the following output.

    Computing results
    Final result is 42
    Test complete
    	    

    The first two lines don't match, so are ignored.

  2. The expect command is not line oriented. Thus the following output from the spawned program would also pass.

    FooTest completeBar
    	    

3.2.1.  Patterns for use with the expect command

There are a wide range of possible patterns that expect can use.

Plain strings

Plain strings. In the previous example the strings ERROR and "Test complete" were used. Double quotation marks are needed where the string contains a space.

eof

Matches if the stream from the spawned process reaches end of file. Typically because the spawned process has completed execution.

timeout

Matches if more than timeout seconds have passed since the spawned process started execution. The default timeout period is 10 seconds, but may be changed by setting the timeout global variable.

The timeout value may be also set for the current expect command by using the -timeout flag as a pattern (see below).

default

Equivalent to matching either eof or timeout.

-timeout t. Use t seconds as the timeout for the current expect command.

full_buffer

By default, the expect command buffers up to 2000 bytes. If more than this is encountered while reading bytes, earlier bytes will be forgotten. This keyword will match if the buffer is full, allowing this circumstance to be trapped.

[Note]Note

The size of the buffer can be increased using the procedure match_max. However very large values down will slow down the pattern matcher.

null

Matches a single ASCII character 0.

"Globbed" expressions

These are patterns specified as for the TCL string match command, which is similar to the syntax of shell regular expressions (commonly known as "glob" patterns).

It is possible that patterns might match flags to the expect command, in which case they can be protected by using the -gl flag. So for example the following would match the string "-gl".

expect {
    -gl -gl {puts "Matched -gl\n"}
}
		

In general any pattern starting with '-' should be protected using -gl to future proof against new flags.

Regular expressions

These patterns follow the syntax defined by the TCL regexp command. They are introduced with the flag -re.

Exact strings

These are prefixed by the -ex flag. This is needed for strings containing characters such as '*' that would otherwise be interpreted as part of a globbed pattern.

Case insensitive match

Prefixing any pattern by the -nocase flag will cause the input to be matched as though it were all lower case. The pattern should thus be all in lower case.

When matching a pattern, any matching and previously unmatched output is saved in the variable expect_out(buffer). The matched output may be found in expect_out(0,string).

If a regular expression with sub-expressions was used, then the matching sub-expressions (up to 9 in total) may be found in expect_out(1,string) through expect_out(1,string).

If the flag -indices was used before any match, the start and end indices of the matching string can be found in expect_out(0,start) and expect_out(0,end). Where the pattern was a regular expression, start and end positions of up to 9 sub-strings may be found in expect_out(1,start) and expect_out(1,end) through expect_out(9,start) and expect_out(9,end).

These strings are useful when evaluating the body associated with the pattern matched.

Once matching is complete, the matched output (and any preceding output) is discarded from the internal buffers. However it can be retained by preceding the match with the -notransfer flag. This has little value in finished scripts, but can help when developing and debugging tests.

3.3.  An example test

Writing a test is a matter of spawning the test program, then using the expect to match the output and report failure as appropriate.

A simple example is as follows.

# Timeout reduced to 3 seconds
set timeout 3

# The name of this test and the command we will run
set test_name "Simple test"
set command_line "or32-elf-sim -f default.cfg test-prog.or32"

# When verbose, tell the user what we are running
if { $verbose > 1 } {
    send_user "starting $command_line\n"
}

# Run the program.
spawn $command_line

expect {
    # Check for any warning messages in the output first
    Warning {
        fail "$test_name: warning: $expect_out(buffer)"
    }

    # Check for any error messages
    ERROR {
        fail "$test_name: error: $expect_out(buffer)"
    }

    # The string indicating successful completion
    "Test complete" {
         pass "$test_name\n"
    }

    # EOF and timeout only come after everything else. EOF must be an error.
    eof {
        fail "$test_name: EOF\n"
    }

    # Timeout requires inspection to determine the cause of failure.
    timeout {
        unresolved "$test_name: timeout"
    }
}
	

This test will look first for the strings "Warning" or "ERROR" in the output stream from the spawned program. Then it will look for the string Test complete. Finally it will check for end-of-file or timeout.

The ordering matters. For a small program, the spawned output could all fit in the buffer. By that time, the program might have completed execution. So that buffer would match both Test complete and end-of-file. So we must check for successful completion first.

Similarly the program might generate warnings or errors, but still print Test complete. So we should check for warnings or errors before we test for successful completion.

3.3.1.  Automating testing

The example in Section 3.3 is a fairly common framework, and it makes sense to automate it using TCL procedure. For example the test name and command line could be passed as arguments to the procedure as follows.

proc runmytest { test_name command_line } {
    global verbose

    # When verbose, tell the user what we are running
    if { $verbose > 1 } {
        send_user "starting $command_line\n"
    }
    
    # Run the program.
    spawn $command_line
    
    expect {
        # Check for any warning messages in the output first
        Warning {
        fail "$test_name: warning: $expect_out(buffer)"
        }
    
        # Check for any error messages
        ERROR {
        fail "$test_name: error: $expect_out(buffer)"
        }
    
        # The string indicating successful completion
        "Test complete" {
             pass "$test_name\n"
        }
    
        # EOF and timeout only come after everything else. EOF must be an error.
        eof {
        fail "$test_name: EOF\n"
        }
    
        # Timeout requires inspection to determine the cause of failure.
        timeout {
            unresolved "$test_name: timeout"
        }
    }
}
	  

The code is identical, except we must note from within the procedure that verbose is a global variable.

Our series of tests could then just be as follows

# Timeout reduced to 3 seconds
set timeout 3

runmytest "Simple test" "or32-elf-sim -f default.cfg test-prog.or32"
runmytest "Harder test" "or32-elf-sim -f default.cfg test-prog2.or32"
runmytest "Hardest test" "or32-elf-sim -f default.cfg test-prog3.or32"
	  

The correct place for a procedure shared amongst a number of tests like this is the tool configuration file (see Section 2.4).

Chapter 4.  Using DejaGnu standalone

To run a DejaGnu test framework standalone is straightforward.

  1. Create a directory structure for the test framework (see Section 2.3).

  2. Write any test programs and compile them.

  3. Write tests in expect and place them in the tool specific test directory (or directories) (see Chapter 3)

  4. Place any TCL support procedures for the tests in the tool specific configuration file (see Section 2.4 and Section 3.3.1).

  5. Run runtest, specifying the source directory and tool name.

This sequence of steps can easily be captured in either a script file, or a hand-written make file.

Chapter 5.  Using DejaGnu with autoconf, automake and libtool

Almost all use of DejaGnu is in practice within the context of projects using the GNU autotools (autoconf, automake and libtool). These tools understand DejaGnu and provide specific hooks.

The overall directory structure is as described earlier (see Section 2.3). By convention the tests are all run from a directory named testsuite, but this need not be the case. That directory, as well as containing the tool specific test directories, tool specific configuration directory (lib) and possible a board specific configuration directory should also contain the global configuration file and directories for any test programs that must be compiled.

Autotools programs are usually configured and built in a separate directory structure. runtest will be executed in the testsuite directory, within the build directory hierarchy, not the source hierarchy. It is within this directory that the local configuration file, site.exp will be generated when running make.

There are no explicit changes needed in the use of libtool. However some changes are needed to configure.ac for autoconf and Makefile.am for automake.

5.1.  The configure.ac file

This is the file that is modified by autoconf and provides ultimately the definitions that will feed into automake. It will need some additional changes to tell it about DejaGnu

[Note]Note

In some older systems, this file may be named configure.in.

Where there are multiple configuration files, it is usually the top level one which is changed. The important thing is it should be the configuration file which feeds into the transformation of the Makefile.am file in the main test directory (testsuite).

The file should be extended to set the DEJAGNU environment variable to point to the global configuration file. There are two approaches to this. The simplest is just to set the value. However it is more flexible to only set a value if it is not already set. This allows the user to try different global configurations by manually setting DEJAGNU before running tests.

if test x"$DEJAGNU" = x
then
  DEJAGNU="\$(top_srcdir)/testsuite/global-conf.exp"
fi

AC_SUBST(DEJAGNU)
	

5.2.  Makefile.am files

There should be a Makefile.am in the main test directory (testsuite) and each of its sub-directories.

If dejagnu appears in AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS, then automake will assume a DejaGnu based test system. This will be run when the user uses make check.

The tests must pick up the DEJAGNU environment variable. So it should be exported from the Makefile.am in the main test directory.

The tool(s) must be named. This is done by setting the DEJATOOL variable. If there are multiple tools to be tested, specify them all with DEJATOOL

The following shows part of a Makefile.am for a typical test main directory.

SUBDIRS = config         \
          lib            \
          libsim.tests   \
          or1ksim.tests  \
          test-code      \
          test-code-or1k

EXTRA_DIST = global-conf.exp

# Setup for DejaGNU
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS    = dejagnu

export DEJAGNU

DEJATOOL            = libsim  \
                      or1ksim
	

Note the use of EXTRA_DIST to specify that the global configuration file must be added to the distribution. In this example there is a board specific configuration directory (config), an expect test directory for each of two tools (libsim.tests and or1ksim.tests) and two directories of test program code (test-code and test-code-or1k).

Makefile.am files are needed in the various config and expect test directories, but only to ensure their code is added to the distribution. There is nothing that needs compiling. For example, the Makefile.am in the tool specific configuration directory (lib) is as follows.

# Just distribute this stuff
EXTRA_DIST = libsim.exp  \
             or1ksim.exp
	

5.3.  Fine tuning autoconf and automake with DejaGnu

The flags passed to runtest by default are held in the variable RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS. Its default value is --tool $$tool --srcdir $$srcdir. $$tool will expand to each tool specified in DEJATOOL and $$srcdir to the full name of the source directory.

This variable can be overridden in the configuration file.

It is also sometimes useful to override runtest options just within the Makefile.am. This can be done by setting the variable AM_RUNTESTFLAGS within the Makefile.am.

5.3.1.  Example: Short test names.

DejaGnu will log the name of each file of expect code found in the test directory. However by default it will use the full file name, which can make for hard to read listings.

This can be adjusted by redefining RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS in configure.ac.

# The following line will ensure that short names are used for test names.
RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS="--tool \$\$tool"
AC_SUBST(RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS)
	  

By not defining --srcdir on the command line, runtest will look instead in the local configuration file, automatically generated by automake and autoconf, which includes a definition of the global variable srcdir.

This is useful, because in the local configuration file, the srcdir is specified with its relative name (for example ../../testsuite). This is shorter than the value of $srcdir that would be used as the command line value. The result is that the name of the tests run will be shorter, making for clearer output. Instead of:

                === or1ksim tests ===

Schedule of variations:
    unix

Running target unix
Using ../../testsuite/config/unix.exp as board description file for target.
Running /home/jeremy/svntrunk/Projects/or1ksim/testsuite/or1ksim.tests/basic
.exp ...
Running /home/jeremy/svntrunk/Projects/or1ksim/testsuite/or1ksim.tests/cache
.exp ...

...

Running /home/jeremy/svntrunk/Projects/or1ksim/testsuite/or1ksim.tests/mycom
press.exp ...
Running /home/jeremy/svntrunk/Projects/or1ksim/testsuite/or1ksim.tests/tick.
exp ...

                === or1ksim Summary ===

# of expected passes            21
	  

We get the more concise:

                === or1ksim tests ===

Schedule of variations:
    unix

Running target unix
Using ../../testsuite/config/unix.exp as board description file for target.
Running ../../testsuite/or1ksim.tests/basic.exp ...
Running ../../testsuite/or1ksim.tests/cache.exp ...

...

Running ../../testsuite/or1ksim.tests/mycompress.exp ...
Running ../../testsuite/or1ksim.tests/tick.exp ...

                === or1ksim Summary ===

# of expected passes            21
	  

Glossary

Expect

Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs. Colloquially it is used to refer to the language used by that program, which is an extension of TCL.

See also Tool Command Language

runtest

runtest is the main command of the DejaGnu testing framework. It runs a series of tests written in expect and reports the results of those tests.

See also Expect

Tool Command Language (TCL)

TCL is an open source dynamic scripting language, widely used for rapid prototyping and system admin tasks. It is designed to be highly extensible.

References

[1] Tcl Tutorial Clif Flynt. Version for TCL 8.5 available at www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/tutorial/tcltutorial.html.

[2] Exploring Expect: A Tcl-Based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Programs Don Libes. O'Reilly and Associates 1995, 1-56592-090-2.

[3] DejaGnu: The GNU Testing Framework Rob Savoye. Free Software Foundation 2004. Available at www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/manual.